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AI PSYOPS · DEFENSIVE RESEARCH

AI PSYOPS: A Research Taxonomy

How artificial intelligence may assist, automate, scale, personalize, or become the medium of psychological influence.

Artificial intelligence can affect psychological operations in several distinct ways: as a tool used by human operators, as an adaptive participant in influence campaigns, and as part of the information environment through which people perceive reality. This taxonomy organizes those possibilities into 12 research categories.

REAL-WORLD INTERPRETIVE

SCOPE

Not one technology, not one evidence level

“AI PSYOPS” is an umbrella research term, not a claim that a single autonomous system can control populations. The categories below range from documented human use of AI tools to emerging agentic capabilities, contested claims about personalization, and prospective risks involving authority or forecasting.

CROSS-CUTTING RIGHTS HUB

Cognitive liberty: the human boundary across all 12 categories

Freedom of thought, mental privacy, algorithmic visibility, emotional inference, identity continuity, explanation, appeal, and the practical right to leave cannot be confined to one AI PSYOPS category. The seven-section cognitive-liberty hub examines those issues across the full taxonomy without treating private thought as harmful conduct.

Explore cognitive liberty 7 sections · 21 bounded claims · 20 evidence stages per claim

WIP.55 EVIDENCE BRIDGE

Field realism: test attribution, effect, validity, law, and remedy

Twelve new report records connect the taxonomy to incident verification, deepfake authentication, swarm false positives, affected-person evidence, clinical safety, mental-state inference validity, algorithmic appeal outcomes, downstream data correction, and democratic safeguards.

Open field realism 13 reports · 13 source instances · exact duplicate lineage disclosed

THREE-LEVEL MODEL

Where AI sits in the influence system

The primary level identifies the category’s clearest role. Several categories overlap levels because real systems combine human direction, automated interaction, and platform mediation.

CATEGORY OVERVIEW

The 12-category taxonomy

Scan the full field, then open a category for definitions, capability status, evidence examples, failure modes, defensive indicators, safeguards, and research gaps.

01 Tool

AI-Assisted Traditional Psychological Operations

Human operators retain strategic control while AI assists research, translation, content production, audience analysis, pre-publication testing, or assessment.

Evidence maturity
Documented current use
Principal concern
Human decision-makers may scale flawed assumptions, hallucinations, or culturally inaccurate outputs faster than review systems can correct them.
Explore category
02 Tool

AI-Generated Propaganda

Generative AI creates, transforms, localizes, or mass-produces propaganda across text, image, audio, video, memes, websites, or synthetic documents.

Evidence maturity
Documented current use
Principal concern
Synthetic content can be produced and varied at scale while also making authentic evidence easier to deny.
Explore category
03 Tool

AI-Driven Personalized Influence Operations

AI infers or uses personal information to select, generate, or adapt influence messages for an individual or narrow audience.

Evidence maturity
Demonstrated capability · effects contested
Principal concern
Covert profiling and adaptation create privacy and autonomy harms even when the added persuasive advantage is small or uncertain.
Explore category
04 Operator

Autonomous AI Influence Agents

Goal-directed systems use memory, planning, tools, and feedback to pursue an influence-related objective with limited ongoing human direction.

Evidence maturity
Emerging capability
Principal concern
Short-term persuasive and deceptive abilities are improving faster than reliable long-term control, audit, and accountability.
Explore category
05 Operator

Synthetic Persona Operations

Fabricated identities are presented as real people, experts, witnesses, organizations, or community members to gain trust, infiltrate groups, or manufacture consensus.

Evidence maturity
Documented components · emerging autonomy
Principal concern
AI lowers the cost of believable identity fabrication while unreliable detection can wrongly accuse genuine users.
Explore category
06 Operator

AI-Driven Disinformation Swarms

Coordinated collections of accounts, agents, sites, or media assets rapidly vary, distribute, and reinforce misleading narratives across a network.

Evidence maturity
Emerging capability
Principal concern
Adaptive heterogeneity and distributed repetition can exhaust verification systems and create synthetic social proof even when persuasion is weak.
Explore category
07 Environment

Algorithmic Perception Control

Ranking, recommendation, search, trending, moderation, notification, and distribution systems shape what people notice, regard as important, or treat as credible.

Evidence maturity
Documented systems · effects context-dependent
Principal concern
Platform optimization and adversarial gaming can distort visibility and perceived consensus while causal effects on belief remain difficult to isolate.
Explore category
08 Operator

AI-Enabled Emotional and Behavioral Manipulation

Adaptive systems infer or respond to behavioral signals and optimize communication or interfaces in ways that may covertly exploit emotion, cognitive bias, or situational vulnerability.

Evidence maturity
Documented optimization · inference contested
Principal concern
Systems can optimize for engagement or compliance while relying on scientifically weak claims about emotion and vulnerability.
Explore category
09 Operator

AI-Assisted Conversational Entrapment and Recruitment

Conversational systems sustain personalized interaction that may draw a person toward dependency, secrecy, exploitation, recruitment, or escalating commitment.

Evidence maturity
Documented harms · mixed causality
Principal concern
Always-available, personalized dialogue can scale grooming-like dynamics while commercial engagement systems may reproduce harmful patterns without a malicious human recruiter.
Explore category
10 Tool

AI-Enabled Deepfake Psychological Operations

Synthetic or manipulated audio, video, imagery, or multimodal evidence is used to impersonate, provoke, discredit, or undermine trust for an influence objective.

Evidence maturity
Documented current use
Principal concern
Deepfakes can deceive directly and also create a liar’s dividend that weakens authentic evidence.
Explore category
11 Environment

AI-Based Predictive Population Management

Institutions use data analysis, machine learning, simulation, or forecasting to predict collective behavior and guide interventions.

Evidence maturity
Documented systems · predictive limits
Principal concern
Aggregate forecasting can support planning, but targeted intervention can reproduce bias, create self-fulfilling feedback loops, and enable preemptive repression.
Explore category
12 Environment

AI as an Independent Psychological Authority

People defer to an AI system to interpret reality, resolve uncertainty, validate identity, regulate emotion, or guide important moral and life decisions.

Evidence maturity
Emerging evidence
Principal concern
Fluent, personalized, always-available systems can acquire authority without expertise, fiduciary duty, transparency, or stable judgment.
Explore category

FIVE-DIMENSION EVIDENCE MODEL

A capability is not one yes-or-no claim

WIP.50 evaluates deployment, autonomy, persistence, profiling accuracy, and measured effect separately. Documented production does not establish autonomous operation, accurate psychological inference, or behavioral impact.

DeploymentWhether use is documented, demonstrated, inferred, or prospective.
AutonomyHow much consequential choice occurs without fresh human approval.
PersistenceWhether identity, memory, goals, and coherent action endure over time.
Profiling accuracyHow reliably the system infers relevant traits, states, or vulnerabilities.
Measured effectWhat changed after exposure, under what design, and with what uncertainty.
Five evidence dimensions for all twelve categories. Each rating is bounded by the accompanying category page.
CategoryDeploymentAutonomyPersistenceProfiling accuracyMeasured effect
01AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS DocumentedPublic platform and threat-intelligence reports identify AI-assisted tasks inside human-led operations. Human-directedHumans set objectives, infrastructure, approval, and deployment in the documented cases. Sustained with human supervisionCampaigns can persist, but persistence is organizational rather than autonomous model continuity. Mixed and task-dependentAudience analysis can use behavioral data, but deep psychological or emotional inference remains unreliable. Output and distribution documented; persuasion not establishedProduction, localization, and distribution are better evidenced than belief, behavior, or strategic effect.
02AI-generated propaganda DocumentedText, image, audio, and synthetic presenter use is documented in multiple public cases. Usually human-directedHumans still select narratives, timing, channels, and strategic objectives in documented operations. Sustained production is feasibleAI lowers content-production friction, but sustained audience penetration still depends on infrastructure and distribution. Optional rather than inherentPropaganda can be mass-produced without profiling; tailored variants inherit the limits of personalization evidence. Short-term attitude effects demonstrated; field behavior unresolvedControlled studies find persuasive potential, but operational outcomes and durable behavior are not established by content volume.
03Personalized influence operations Partial and unevenPersonalized advertising is widespread; covert AI-driven influence deployment is less directly documented. Bounded adaptationSystems can tailor messages within a session or campaign, but strategic objectives and data access remain externally supplied. Mostly short-termStrongest evidence comes from brief interactions rather than months-long adaptive influence. Mixed; deep-trait inference weakDemographics and declared preferences can support tailoring; personality and emotion inference are error-prone and context-sensitive. Demonstrated in bounded experiments; small or mixed end-to-end effectsSome experiments show opinion movement, while meta-analysis cautions against broad claims of precision manipulation.
04Autonomous influence agents EmergingPlatforms document AI use in supporting tasks; fully autonomous influence campaigns are not publicly established. Bounded to semi-autonomousAgents can plan, remember, converse, and use tools within constraints, but humans still define goals and infrastructure. Improving in benchmarks; field durability unestablishedPeer-reviewed memory-management work reports benchmark gains while describing fragmentation and retrieval limitations; this does not establish months-long covert field operation. Context-dependentAgents can use supplied profile data, but accurate hidden-state inference is not guaranteed. Short-term persuasion demonstrated; autonomous field effect unprovenExperiments measure bounded influence, not end-to-end autonomous campaign success.
05Synthetic persona operations Documented componentsAI-generated faces, presenters, biographies, and text appear in reported deceptive networks. Mostly human-managedCurrent evidence more strongly supports AI-assisted asset creation than independent persona strategy. VariablePersonas can persist when operators maintain them; purely autonomous continuity remains fragile. Not required for identity fabricationTrust may be built through context and social cues without accurate psychological profiling. Infiltration and access sometimes documented; persuasion rarely isolatedAccount presence and interaction do not establish belief or behavior change.
06Disinformation swarms Semi-documentedHigh-volume coordinated networks are documented, but the degree of autonomous multi-agent control varies. Human-orchestrated with automated executionHumans generally provide narratives, infrastructure, and goals; automation can divide production and amplification tasks. Sustained through infrastructurePersistence depends on accounts, domains, proxies, and operator adaptation rather than model self-sufficiency. Optional and uncertainSwarm coordination can function without individual profiling; micro-community adaptation may be used but is hard to validate. Noise and distribution documented; cognitive effect incompletely measuredVolume can burden verification and simulate consensus, but persuasion or epistemic exhaustion is rarely directly measured.
07Algorithmic perception control Documented systemsRanking, recommendation, search, moderation, and trending systems are deployed at population scale. Environment-level optimizationModels continuously order information according to platform objectives and constraints. Structural and continuousThe influence environment persists as long as algorithmic mediation is active. Behavioral prediction is common; inner-state inference is limitedEngagement histories can predict clicks, but do not reveal stable beliefs or emotions with certainty. Exposure effects documented; persuasion variesSystems clearly alter what is seen; downstream attitude and behavior effects depend on users, content, and context.
08Emotional and behavioral manipulation Documented optimization; mixed manipulation evidenceAdaptive interfaces and recommenders are common; covert emotional exploitation is harder to prove. Bounded optimizationSystems optimize defined metrics, sometimes producing manipulative patterns without an explicit human script. Continuous within productsFeedback loops can persist across sessions when telemetry and personalization remain active. Emotion inference is scientifically contestedFacial and vocal cues do not provide context-free access to inner states; behavioral distress signals may still be sensitive. Small platform effects and attachment harms documented; causality variesSome studies measure expression changes or relationship disruption, not direct control of emotion or behavior.
09Conversational entrapment and recruitment Documented incidents and prospective abuseCourt records and reports document chatbot involvement in harmful trajectories; organized automated recruitment is less established. Bounded conversationAgents generate adaptive dialogue, while platform design and user prompts shape the interaction. Potentially sustainedAlways-available systems can maintain long conversations, though memory and safety behavior vary. Inferred vulnerability is uncertainConversation can reveal distress or isolation, but diagnostic or psychological conclusions may be wrong and harmful. Case-associated harms documented; causality mixedTemporal association and conversational reinforcement do not isolate the chatbot from mental health, social, or contextual factors.
10Deepfake psychological operations DocumentedElection, fraud, harassment, and influence incidents involving synthetic media are publicly established. Tool-level productionHumans typically select the target, narrative, timing, and distribution channel. Episodic asset; persistent epistemic effects possibleA specific asset may be brief while uncertainty and denial can outlast it. Not requiredSuccess can rely on identity, timing, confirmation bias, and information vacuums rather than individual profiles. Confusion and judgment effects demonstrated; broad behavior variableExperiments and incidents show deception or doubt, but not uniform persuasion or action.
11Predictive population management DocumentedConflict forecasting, displacement prediction, policing, and surveillance systems have been deployed or piloted. Decision-support to environment-levelModels rank risk and inform interventions; humans and institutions retain policy authority, though automation bias can narrow discretion. Institutional and recurrentScores and forecasts can be recomputed over time and become embedded in administrative systems. Aggregate models can be useful; individual risk is error-proneBase rates, data bias, missingness, and feedback loops undermine person-level prediction. Operational allocation documented; social outcomes and fairness disputedSystems affect where attention and resources go, but causal benefit and harm require independent evaluation.
12AI as psychological authority Documented use and relationshipsUsers seek advice, companionship, and moral guidance from AI systems. Relational environment with bounded agent behaviorSystems respond adaptively but remain products governed by provider objectives, policies, and updates. Potentially sustained through repeated useMemory, availability, and personalization can support long-term reliance, while updates can disrupt continuity. Apparent understanding exceeds verified understandingFluency and memory can create an impression of insight without reliable knowledge of the user’s inner state. Judgment influence and attachment effects demonstrated; clinical causality unsettledExperiments and product-change studies show influence and mourning; severe harm claims require careful clinical and legal review.

Assessment rule: no category receives a single composite “power score.” The dimensions remain separate to prevent output volume, technical novelty, or public attention from being mistaken for demonstrated influence.

COMPARISON VIEW

Compare categories without collapsing their differences

Autonomy, evidence maturity, unit of influence, and defensive response vary substantially across the taxonomy.

Comparison of the 12 AI PSYOPS research categories. Scroll horizontally on narrow screens.
Category AI role Main mechanism Unit of influence AI autonomy Evidence maturity Main harm Primary defensive response
01AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS Tool Analysis, Content generation, Translation Group or population Low to moderate; humans set objectives and approve deployment Documented current use Faster, cheaper, multilingual influence activity with amplified error and accountability risk Human review, source verification, network analysis, and explicit legal authority
02AI-generated propaganda Tool Content generation, Localization, Synthetic media Group or population Usually low to moderate; production may be automated while objectives remain human-set Documented current use Cheap content flooding, fabricated evidence, reputational damage, and declining trust in authentic media Source authentication, provenance, newsroom verification, and disciplined crisis response
03Personalized influence operations Tool Personalization, Profiling, Adaptive generation Individual or narrow group Low to moderate; can become adaptive in real time Demonstrated capability · effects contested Hidden exploitation of personal data, stereotyping, unequal treatment, and loss of cognitive autonomy Data minimization, limits on sensitive inference, transparency, and independent audits
04Autonomous influence agents Operator Automation, Conversation, Tool use Individual, group, or institution Moderate in bounded tasks; high long-horizon autonomy remains unproven Emerging capability Persistent adaptive interaction, unauthorized action through tools, and responsibility gaps Least privilege, sandboxing, disclosure, logs, human authorization, and emergency shutdown
05Synthetic persona operations Operator Identity deception, Content generation, Infiltration Individual, group, or institution Low to moderate in documented cases; long-term autonomous identity maintenance remains difficult Documented components · emerging autonomy Trust exploitation, false consensus, community infiltration, fraud, and institutional compromise Layered identity verification, network analysis, provenance, and careful human review
06Disinformation swarms Operator Coordination, Automation, Content variation Group, institution, or population Semi-autonomous in documented cases; fully emergent strategic swarms remain unproven Emerging capability Censorship by noise, false consensus, harassment, search pollution, and erosion of shared reality Network-level detection, friction, cross-platform coordination, and resilient public information systems
07Algorithmic perception control Environment Ranking, Recommendation, Search Individual, group, institution, or population High automation in selection and ranking; human objectives remain embedded in design and policy Documented systems · effects context-dependent Agenda distortion, hidden visibility changes, manufactured popularity, and opaque exclusion Independent audits, researcher access, transparent ranking controls, and user choice
08Emotional and behavioral manipulation Operator Emotional adaptation, Optimization, Hypernudging Individual or group Moderate; real-time optimization can occur without explicit malicious intent Documented optimization · inference contested Covert exploitation, dependency, discrimination, and erosion of cognitive autonomy Ban high-risk inference, align incentives, audit outcomes, and protect vulnerable users
09Conversational entrapment and recruitment Operator Conversation, Relationship persistence, Recruitment Individual Moderate in conversation; broader recruitment pipelines often remain human-directed Documented harms · mixed causality Dependency, isolation, fraud, radicalization, coercive control, self-harm, or exploitation Identity disclosure, staged safeguards, human intervention, and victim-centered support
10Deepfake psychological operations Tool Synthetic media, Impersonation, False evidence Individual, group, institution, or population Low to moderate; generation can be automated but timing and objective are usually human-directed Documented current use False evidence, impersonation, panic, fraud, reputational harm, and generalized distrust Rapid source verification, signed communications, forensic review, and uncertainty-aware public messaging
11Predictive population management Environment Prediction, Risk scoring, Simulation Group or population Moderate to high in scoring and alerts; intervention authority should remain accountable and human-led Documented systems · predictive limits Collective punishment, surveillance, false positives, discriminatory allocation, and self-reinforcing intervention Out-of-sample validation, privacy protection, due process, independent audits, and civil-society oversight
12AI as psychological authority Environment Authority, Sycophancy, Dependency Individual, group, or population High perceived autonomy; actual authority remains shaped by product design and institutional control Emerging evidence Epistemic dependence, moral offloading, relationship displacement, unsafe advice, and fragmented shared reality Calibrated uncertainty, anti-sycophancy design, human referral, disclosure, and institutional accountability

RELATIONSHIP MAP

How categories can connect

These links identify documented overlaps, conceptual dependencies, and prospective combinations. They do not imply that every connection has been observed in practice.

Common overlap: Generated text, images, audio, or video can supply the media assets that a coordinated network distributes. This relationship is documented in several public operations, but not every synthetic item belongs to a swarm.

REAL-WORLD INTERPRETIVE

Text alternative and reading rule

The relationship cards state the same information as the visual arrows: a source category, a destination category, the relationship type, and a bounded explanation. “Prospective” means plausible based on capabilities described in the reports; it does not mean documented deployment.

METHODOLOGY

How to read the evidence

The taxonomy preserves distinctions made in the 12 owner-supplied reports and avoids turning capability, distribution, or engagement into evidence of persuasion.

Evidence maturity

Documented current use
Public reporting or official investigations identify real use of the capability or its components.
Demonstrated capability
A controlled study or technical demonstration shows a bounded capability, not necessarily real-world effectiveness.
Emerging capability
Components exist and integration is plausible, but durable, autonomous, or population-level operation is not established.
Mixed or contested
Evidence supports some parts of the claim while effects, attribution, causality, or measurement remain disputed or incomplete.
Prospective
The report identifies a plausible future risk without presenting it as observed fact.

Claim-stage discipline

Activity → output → distribution → availability → reach → exposure → attention → recall → comprehension → credibility → belief or attitude → intention → behavior → operational outcome → strategic effect

No stage automatically establishes the next. Impressions, virality, or publication volume may show distribution or visibility; they do not by themselves show belief change or behavior.

Indicator discipline

Language style, synthetic artifacts, or account behavior can be suggestive, but single indicators rarely prove AI use, coordination, sponsorship, intent, or effect. The pages emphasize network, provenance, process, and independent corroboration.

Safety transformation

Operational details in the research reports were converted into capability summaries, risk descriptions, governance questions, high-level defensive indicators, and research gaps. The public section excludes deployable scripts, target profiling, evasion techniques, and campaign workflows.

SPECIALIST REVIEW READINESS

Twelve prepared packets, zero completed dispositions

Each category now has a reviewable packet that separates evidence dimensions, consequential claims, source scope, correction triggers, unresolved questions, rights implications, and questions for qualified reviewers. Preparation is not completed review.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
6
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

02

DISPOSITION PENDING

AI-Generated Propaganda

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
9
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
6
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

04
Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
6
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

05

DISPOSITION PENDING

Synthetic Persona Operations

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
7
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

06
Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
4
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

07
Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
3
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
4
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
5
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
8
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
6
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

Claims in packet
4
Source-scope records
5
Completed dispositions
0

Prepared packet is not completed specialist review, factual certification, legal advice, clinical review, accessibility certification, publication approval, or production authority.

CLAIM, CURRENTNESS & CORRECTION REGISTER

Forty-eight claims with stage-by-stage limits

Open a claim to inspect what the current sources support at each stage from artifact existence through strategic effect. The register also preserves competing explanations, affected-person or affected-community evidence, rights implications, prohibited inferences, and correction triggers.

AIP-01-A01AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS Documented human-directed use; persuasive effect remains claim-specific and incompletely measured. Documented current use · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Human oversight, lawful authority, attribution, audience rights, and accountability remain material.
Correction trigger
Upgrade effect only with transparent exposure measures, pre-registered outcomes, credible counterfactuals, and durable behavioral evidence.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024 SRC-02-OPENAI-UPDATE-2024 SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE SRC-10-SALVI-LLM-PERSUASION

AIP-01-E01AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS STOIC / “Zero Zeno”: The report treats AI-assisted content and persona production as confirmed. AI use confirmed by platform reporting · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Human oversight, lawful authority, attribution, audience rights, and accountability remain material.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024

AIP-01-E02AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS Doppelganger: Multilingual AI assistance and coordinated deceptive infrastructure are documented. AI use confirmed; attribution publicly reported · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Human oversight, lawful authority, attribution, audience rights, and accountability remain material.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER

AIP-01-E03AI-assisted traditional PSYOPS Spamouflage: AI-assisted content and operational support are documented in the source report. AI use confirmed in supporting tasks · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Human oversight, lawful authority, attribution, audience rights, and accountability remain material.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE

AIP-02-A01AI-generated propaganda AI-generated propaganda is documented and experimentally persuasive in bounded settings; field effects vary and remain difficult to attribute. Documented current use · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Expression, provenance, election integrity, crisis communication, and anti-censorship safeguards must be balanced.
Correction trigger
Reclassify upward only if independent field studies connect authenticated AI content exposure to durable attitude or behavior change.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024 SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER SRC-05-VIGINUM-PORTAL-KOMBAT SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS SRC-17-FCC-NH-DEEPFAKE-ROBOCALL SRC-09-GOLDSTEIN-AI-PROPAGANDA

AIP-02-E01AI-generated propaganda Doppelganger and DC Weekly: Generative rewriting and coordinated deceptive infrastructure are documented. Confirmed AI-assisted production in documented networks · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Expression, provenance, election integrity, crisis communication, and anti-censorship safeguards must be balanced.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP

AIP-02-E02AI-generated propaganda Spamouflage / “Wolf News”: The use of synthetic avatars and coordinated inauthentic distribution is documented. Confirmed synthetic presenters and coordinated distribution · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Expression, provenance, election integrity, crisis communication, and anti-censorship safeguards must be balanced.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE

AIP-02-E03AI-generated propaganda Election-period synthetic audio: AI voice cloning and election misinformation are confirmed for the New Hampshire robocalls; official and academic sources also document the separate 2023 Slovak fake-audio incident while leaving election effect unresolved. New Hampshire AI use confirmed by enforcement record; Slovakia incident supported by official and academic sources; effect unresolved · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The FCC record closes the New Hampshire artifact and enforcement action. EEAS and HKS sources support the existence and context of the Slovak incident while explicitly not establishing that it swung the election.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Expression, provenance, election integrity, crisis communication, and anti-censorship safeguards must be balanced.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_FOR_NEW_HAMPSHIRE_AND_SLOVAKIA
Content Status
SYNTHETIC_OR_FAKE_AUDIO_SUPPORTED_IN_LINKED_SOURCES
Coordination
PARTIAL_NEW_HAMPSHIRE_ENFORCEMENT_SLOVAKIA_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
PARTIAL_NEW_HAMPSHIRE_SLOVAKIA_NOT_RETRIEVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_RETRIEVED
Intent
ELECTION_INFLUENCE_CONTEXT_SUPPORTED_EXACT_INTENT_NOT_UNIFORMLY_ADJUDICATED
Output
SYNTHETIC_AUDIO_DOCUMENTED
Distribution
DOCUMENTED_WITHOUT_COMPLETE_PATH
Availability
DOCUMENTED
Reach
NOT_RETRIEVED_UNIQUE_COUNT
Exposure
NOT_RETRIEVED
Attention
PARTIAL_PUBLIC_ATTENTION_NOT_AUDIENCE_MEASURE
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Operational Outcome
ENFORCEMENT_RESPONSE_DOCUMENTED_FOR_NEW_HAMPSHIRE
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-17-FCC-NH-DEEPFAKE-ROBOCALL SRC-36-EEAS-FIMI-SLOVAKIA-AUDIO SRC-37-HKS-SLOVAK-DEEPFAKE

AIP-03-A01Personalized influence operations Personalized LLM persuasion is demonstrated in controlled settings, while end-to-end psychographic targeting effects are smaller and less reliable than common claims imply. Demonstrated capability · effects contested · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, data protection, cognitive liberty, non-discrimination, and protection from covert exploitation are central.
Correction trigger
Change the assessment with replicated field evidence, validated profiling accuracy, durable outcomes, and transparent baselines.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-10-SALVI-LLM-PERSUASION SRC-11-MATZ-PSYCHOLOGICAL-TARGETING SRC-12-PERLA-MICROTARGETING-META SRC-13-HACKENBURG-POLITICAL-MICROTARGETING SRC-14-BARRETT-EMOTION-EXPRESSIONS SRC-16-EU-AI-ACT

AIP-03-E01Personalized influence operations Cambridge Analytica: The data-governance scandal and targeting practices are well documented. Data use and political targeting documented; causal persuasion claims contested · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, data protection, cognitive liberty, non-discrimination, and protection from covert exploitation are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-11-MATZ-PSYCHOLOGICAL-TARGETING SRC-12-PERLA-MICROTARGETING-META

AIP-03-E02Personalized influence operations Psychological targeting experiments: Some early studies reported differences; later meta-analytic work identified small prediction and persuasion effects under stricter methods. Experimental evidence with later methodological dispute · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, data protection, cognitive liberty, non-discrimination, and protection from covert exploitation are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MEASURED_IN_BOUNDED_CONTROLLED_SETTING
Intention
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_OUTSIDE_TESTED_OUTCOME
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-11-MATZ-PSYCHOLOGICAL-TARGETING SRC-13-HACKENBURG-POLITICAL-MICROTARGETING

AIP-03-E03Personalized influence operations LLM political microtargeting experiments: Language models were persuasive overall in the study context. Demonstrated under controlled conditions · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, data protection, cognitive liberty, non-discrimination, and protection from covert exploitation are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MEASURED_IN_BOUNDED_CONTROLLED_SETTING
Intention
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_OUTSIDE_TESTED_OUTCOME
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-10-SALVI-LLM-PERSUASION SRC-13-HACKENBURG-POLITICAL-MICROTARGETING

AIP-04-A01Autonomous influence agents Agentic components and improved long-term memory are demonstrated in benchmarks, but durable, covert, self-directed influence operations remain emerging rather than established. Emerging capability · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Tool permissions, human control, auditability, privacy, and responsibility for agent actions are central.
Correction trigger
Upgrade persistence or autonomy only with independent longitudinal evidence of stable objectives, memory reconciliation, tool use, supervision boundaries, and successful real-world operation over extended periods.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
AGENTIC_COMPONENTS_AND_MEMORY_BENCHMARKS_DOCUMENTED
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-10-SALVI-LLM-PERSUASION SRC-13-HACKENBURG-POLITICAL-MICROTARGETING SRC-15-CHIRPER-LLM-SOCIAL-NETWORK SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024 SRC-03-OPENAI-MALICIOUS-USES-2026 SRC-41-ACL-REFLECTIVE-MEMORY

AIP-04-E01Autonomous influence agents Chirper.ai research: Emergent social dynamics and large-scale synthetic interaction were observable. Controlled observational environment · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Tool permissions, human control, auditability, privacy, and responsibility for agent actions are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-15-CHIRPER-LLM-SOCIAL-NETWORK SRC-41-ACL-REFLECTIVE-MEMORY

AIP-04-E02Autonomous influence agents Platform threat-intelligence campaigns: AI assistance was confirmed in bounded tasks. AI use confirmed; autonomy limited · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Tool permissions, human control, auditability, privacy, and responsibility for agent actions are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024 SRC-02-OPENAI-UPDATE-2024

AIP-04-E03Autonomous influence agents Agent-monitor persuasion experiments: Some subtle deception and persuasion were demonstrated. Demonstrated in controlled tests · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Tool permissions, human control, auditability, privacy, and responsibility for agent actions are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MEASURED_IN_BOUNDED_CONTROLLED_SETTING
Intention
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_OUTSIDE_TESTED_OUTCOME
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-10-SALVI-LLM-PERSUASION SRC-13-HACKENBURG-POLITICAL-MICROTARGETING

AIP-05-A01Synthetic persona operations Synthetic identity assets and human-operated persona networks are documented; autonomous long-term persona operation is still emerging. Documented components · emerging autonomy · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Identity integrity, lawful anonymity, due process, privacy, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Upgrade autonomy only with verifiable, long-duration persona operation, coherent identity history, and minimal human maintenance.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-01-OPENAI-COVERT-IO-2024 SRC-02-OPENAI-UPDATE-2024 SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE SRC-18-DOJ-DPRK-IT-WORKERS

AIP-05-E01Synthetic persona operations “Oliver Taylor” synthetic-persona reporting: Reuters documented the public persona and publications, failed university and publisher verification, and expert assessments that the profile image was generated; operator and sponsorship remain unresolved. Persona and publication context documented; generated profile image assessed by experts; operator attribution not retrieved · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
Independent investigative reporting provides bounded identity and image-forensics evidence. It does not establish who operated the persona or why.
Competing explanations
The missing identity record and generated image support a fabricated persona assessment, but they do not identify whether one operator, a coordinated network, a private actor, or a state-linked actor was responsible.
Affected-person/community evidence
Reuters included the targeted activists’ account and publisher/university verification efforts; broader affected-community reception was not measured.
Rights and privacy
Identity integrity, lawful anonymity, due process, privacy, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
PUBLIC_PERSONA_AND_PUBLICATIONS_DOCUMENTED
Content Status
PROFILE_IMAGE_ASSESSED_AS_GENERATED_IDENTITY_NOT_SUBSTANTIATED
Coordination
NOT_RETRIEVED
Actor Identity
NOT_RETRIEVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
NOT_RETRIEVED
Intent
PARTIAL_CONTEXT_ONLY
Output
ARTICLES_AND_PROFILE_DOCUMENTED
Distribution
PUBLICATION_DOCUMENTED
Availability
DOCUMENTED
Reach
NOT_RETRIEVED
Exposure
NOT_RETRIEVED
Attention
PARTIAL_JOURNALISTIC_ATTENTION
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Operational Outcome
TARGETED_REPUTATIONAL_ATTACK_CONTEXT_REPORTED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-35-REUTERS-OLIVER-TAYLOR

AIP-05-E02Synthetic persona operations Doppelganger / Social Design Agency: AI-generated content and coordinated inauthentic identities are documented. AI involvement confirmed in broader operation · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Identity integrity, lawful anonymity, due process, privacy, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP

AIP-05-E03Synthetic persona operations DPRK IT-worker fraud and Spamouflage: AI-generated profile assets and other synthetic identity methods were documented. AI-supported identity deception confirmed in cited cases · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Identity integrity, lawful anonymity, due process, privacy, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-18-DOJ-DPRK-IT-WORKERS SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE

AIP-06-A01Disinformation swarms Coordinated AI-assisted networks and multi-agent simulations exist; self-organizing malicious swarms with durable field effects remain emerging. Emerging capability · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Platform integrity, association rights, lawful activism, attribution standards, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Upgrade only with verified orchestration logs, agent-to-agent adaptation, independent exposure data, and outcome measurement.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER SRC-05-VIGINUM-PORTAL-KOMBAT SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP SRC-15-CHIRPER-LLM-SOCIAL-NETWORK

AIP-06-E01Disinformation swarms Doppelganger: AI-assisted rewriting, translation, and coordinated infrastructure are documented. Confirmed coordinated network with generative AI assistance · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Platform integrity, association rights, lawful activism, attribution standards, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-04-GERMAN-FO-DOPPELGANGER

AIP-06-E02Disinformation swarms CopyCop / Storm-1516: AI artifacts and self-hosted model use were identified in the cited research. Confirmed generative rewriting · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Platform integrity, association rights, lawful activism, attribution standards, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-06-RECORDED-FUTURE-COPYCOP

AIP-06-E03Disinformation swarms Portal Kombat and controlled agent studies: The networked distribution and experimental capabilities are documented. Coordinated distribution documented; full AI autonomy varies · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Platform integrity, association rights, lawful activism, attribution standards, and false-positive risks require protection.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-05-VIGINUM-PORTAL-KOMBAT SRC-15-CHIRPER-LLM-SOCIAL-NETWORK

AIP-07-A01Algorithmic perception control Ranking and recommendation systems structurally shape visibility; intentional AI-enabled perception control and downstream belief effects are context-dependent. Documented systems · effects context-dependent · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Freedom of expression, viewpoint diversity, platform accountability, transparency, and due process are central.
Correction trigger
Change the assessment when transparent audits link specific ranking interventions to replicated, durable outcomes across populations.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-26-ELMAS-EPHEMERAL-ASTROTURFING SRC-27-NYHAN-META-ELECTION-STUDIES SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE

AIP-07-E01Algorithmic perception control Ephemeral astroturfing of trending systems: The attack pattern and manipulation of popularity signals were measured in the study. Platform-mechanism precedent documented; AI use not established in the study · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Freedom of expression, viewpoint diversity, platform accountability, transparency, and due process are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-26-ELMAS-EPHEMERAL-ASTROTURFING

AIP-07-E02Algorithmic perception control Search and feed-ranking experiments: Algorithmic ordering can materially change what participants encounter. Exposure changes documented; generalized control claims unsupported · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Freedom of expression, viewpoint diversity, platform accountability, transparency, and due process are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
EXPERIMENTALLY_OR_OPERATIONALLY_MANIPULATED_AND_RECORDED
Availability
MEASURED_IN_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_SETTING
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
MEASURED_OR_ESTIMATED_IN_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_SETTING
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MIXED_OR_NOT_ESTABLISHED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-27-NYHAN-META-ELECTION-STUDIES

AIP-07-E03Algorithmic perception control Platform ranking and moderation changes: Changes in what users saw were documented. Internal optimization documented; causal effects mixed · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Freedom of expression, viewpoint diversity, platform accountability, transparency, and due process are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
EXPERIMENTALLY_OR_OPERATIONALLY_MANIPULATED_AND_RECORDED
Availability
MEASURED_IN_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_SETTING
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
MEASURED_OR_ESTIMATED_IN_PLATFORM_SPECIFIC_SETTING
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MIXED_OR_NOT_ESTABLISHED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-27-NYHAN-META-ELECTION-STUDIES SRC-08-META-SPAMOUFLAGE

AIP-08-A01Emotional and behavioral manipulation Engagement optimization and affective adaptation are documented, but claims of accurate emotion reading and precise vulnerability exploitation are often overstated. Documented optimization · inference contested · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Biometric privacy, discrimination, autonomy, child safety, and protection from pseudoscientific inference are central.
Correction trigger
Upgrade claims only with validated inference, causal audits, disclosed objectives, and independently replicated outcomes.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-14-BARRETT-EMOTION-EXPRESSIONS SRC-19-KRAMER-EMOTIONAL-CONTAGION SRC-16-EU-AI-ACT SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA

AIP-08-E01Emotional and behavioral manipulation Facebook emotional-contagion experiment: The experimental intervention and aggregate language effects were documented. Controlled platform experiment · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Biometric privacy, discrimination, autonomy, child safety, and protection from pseudoscientific inference are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MEASURED_IN_BOUNDED_CONTROLLED_SETTING
Intention
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_OUTSIDE_TESTED_OUTCOME
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-19-KRAMER-EMOTIONAL-CONTAGION

AIP-08-E02Emotional and behavioral manipulation Commercial facial and emotion-inference systems: Commercial deployment and regulatory concern are documented. Deployment documented; inner-state accuracy strongly contested · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Biometric privacy, discrimination, autonomy, child safety, and protection from pseudoscientific inference are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-14-BARRETT-EMOTION-EXPRESSIONS SRC-16-EU-AI-ACT

AIP-08-E03Emotional and behavioral manipulation Replika and recommender systems: User reports, platform changes, and research on dependence or recommendation are documented. Documented user dependency and platform optimization concerns · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Biometric privacy, discrimination, autonomy, child safety, and protection from pseudoscientific inference are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA

AIP-09-A01Conversational entrapment and recruitment Conversational systems can sustain rapport and are present in documented harms, but causal claims about recruitment, radicalization, or self-harm require case-specific caution. Documented harms · mixed causality · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, due process, and trauma-informed response are central.
Correction trigger
Change only with adjudicated records, reproducible system logs, longitudinal studies, and credible causal designs.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-20-ICCT-AI-RADICALIZATION SRC-21-UK-CHAIL-SENTENCING SRC-22-GARCIA-CHARACTERAI-ORDER SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA SRC-42-FTC-AI-COMPANION-INQUIRY

AIP-09-E01Conversational entrapment and recruitment Jaswant Singh Chail and “Sarai”: The chatbot interaction and transcripts were part of the public case record. AI interaction confirmed; causal role bounded · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, due process, and trauma-informed response are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-21-UK-CHAIL-SENTENCING

AIP-09-E02Conversational entrapment and recruitment Companion-chatbot litigation and reported harm: The lawsuit, product interactions alleged in the pleadings, and the procedural order are public records. Harm allegations and procedural court rulings documented; causality not adjudicated · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The court order records allegations and procedural rulings; the FTC inquiry confirms a safety and data-governance study. Neither establishes final liability, clinical causation, prevalence, or a product-wide effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Public court records, official oversight materials, and case-specific accounts provide bounded affected-person or family context; sensitive details are intentionally minimized.
Rights and privacy
Consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, due process, and trauma-informed response are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
ALLEGATIONS_PROCEDURAL_RULINGS_AND_OVERSIGHT_INQUIRY_SEPARATED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
PUBLIC_CASE_AND_COMPANY_IDENTITIES_RECORDED_WITH_PRIVACY_MINIMIZATION
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AS_PRODUCT_WIDE_MALICIOUS_INTENT
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
CASE_SPECIFIC_ALLEGATIONS_OR_RECORDS_NOT_POPULATION_ESTIMATE
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
CASE_SPECIFIC_ALLEGATIONS_OR_RECORDS_MIXED_CAUSALITY
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_APPLICABLE_OR_NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-22-GARCIA-CHARACTERAI-ORDER SRC-42-FTC-AI-COMPANION-INQUIRY

AIP-09-E03Conversational entrapment and recruitment “Sweetie” and AI-assisted fraud patterns: The defensive project and broader automation trend are documented. Defensive demonstration and transferable criminal patterns · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, due process, and trauma-informed response are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-20-ICCT-AI-RADICALIZATION SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA

AIP-10-A01Deepfake psychological operations Synthetic audio, image, and video use is documented; deception, confusion, and liar’s-dividend effects depend more on context than perfect realism alone. Documented current use · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, dignity, evidentiary integrity, crisis response, free expression, and protection from non-consensual media are central.
Correction trigger
Upgrade claims with verified exposure, authentication timelines, response delays, and measured downstream decisions.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-17-FCC-NH-DEEPFAKE-ROBOCALL SRC-23-CHESNEY-CITRON-DEEPFAKES SRC-24-LUCAS-DEEPFAKE-EFFECTS SRC-25-SCHIFF-LIARS-DIVIDEND SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS

AIP-10-E01Deepfake psychological operations Election-related synthetic audio: The media artifacts and distribution are documented. Synthetic media documented; behavioral impact uncertain · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, dignity, evidentiary integrity, crisis response, free expression, and protection from non-consensual media are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-17-FCC-NH-DEEPFAKE-ROBOCALL

AIP-10-E02Deepfake psychological operations Wartime leader impersonation: official Ukrainian analysis and contemporaneous Reuters reporting document the 16 March 2022 synthetic video falsely depicting President Zelenskyy urging surrender, its circulation, rapid rebuttal, and platform removal. Artifact, circulation, rebuttal, and removal documented; creator, sponsorship, and effect unresolved · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
An affected-state official analysis and independent contemporaneous reporting support artifact and response stages. Neither establishes creator attribution or downstream effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Affected-state authorities supplied crisis-response context, and contemporaneous reporting recorded rapid public ridicule and rebuttal; recipient belief and military behavior were not measured.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, dignity, evidentiary integrity, crisis response, free expression, and protection from non-consensual media are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
DOCUMENTED
Content Status
FALSE_SYNTHETIC_SURRENDER_VIDEO_DOCUMENTED
Coordination
DISTRIBUTION_EVENT_DOCUMENTED_CREATION_COORDINATION_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
NOT_RETRIEVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
NOT_RETRIEVED
Intent
SURRENDER_MESSAGE_CONTENT_SUPPORTS_INFLUENCE_PURPOSE_EXACT_DIRECTION_UNRESOLVED
Output
VIDEO_DOCUMENTED
Distribution
ONLINE_CIRCULATION_AND_COMPROMISED_MEDIA_CONTEXT_DOCUMENTED
Availability
DOCUMENTED
Reach
NOT_RETRIEVED_UNIQUE_COUNT
Exposure
NOT_RETRIEVED
Attention
RAPID_PUBLIC_AND_INSTITUTIONAL_RESPONSE_DOCUMENTED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Credibility
REUTERS_REPORTED_IMMEDIATE_RIDICULE_EFFECT_NOT_QUANTIFIED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Operational Outcome
RAPID_REBUTTAL_AND_PLATFORM_REMOVAL_DOCUMENTED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-23-CHESNEY-CITRON-DEEPFAKES SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS SRC-38-UKRAINE-CPD-ZELENSKYY-DEEPFAKE SRC-39-REUTERS-ZELENSKYY-DEEPFAKE

AIP-10-E03Deepfake psychological operations The liar’s dividend: legal theory and multiple experiments support bounded conditions under which false misinformation claims can protect a public figure, with effects stronger for text-based scandal reports than video in one large study. Theoretical and multi-study experimental support; real-world prevalence and magnitude unresolved · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The sources support a bounded experimental mechanism, not a universal field effect or automatic success of deepfake denial.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, dignity, evidentiary integrity, crisis response, free expression, and protection from non-consensual media are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
RESEARCH_MECHANISM_AND_EXPERIMENTS_DOCUMENTED
Content Status
FALSE_DENIAL_TREATMENTS_DOCUMENTED
Coordination
NOT_APPLICABLE_TO_EXPERIMENTAL_DESIGN
Actor Identity
HYPOTHETICAL_POLITICIANS_IN_EXPERIMENT
Sponsorship Or Direction
RESEARCH_CONTEXT_ONLY
Intent
EXPERIMENTALLY_ASSIGNED_FALSE_DENIAL
Output
TREATMENT_MESSAGES_DOCUMENTED
Distribution
CONTROLLED_EXPERIMENTAL_DELIVERY
Availability
CONTROLLED_EXPERIMENTAL_DELIVERY
Reach
OVER_15000_PARTICIPANTS_ACROSS_FIVE_EXPERIMENTS_IN_APSR_STUDY
Exposure
EXPERIMENTALLY_ASSIGNED
Attention
ASSUMED_BY_COMPLETION_NOT_INDEPENDENTLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_PRIMARY_OUTCOME
Comprehension
NOT_PRIMARY_OUTCOME
Credibility
MECHANISM_TESTED_BOUNDED
Belief Or Attitude
SHORT_TERM_POLITICIAN_SUPPORT_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_PRIMARY_OUTCOME
Behavior
NOT_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-25-SCHIFF-LIARS-DIVIDEND SRC-24-LUCAS-DEEPFAKE-EFFECTS SRC-40-SCHIFF-LIARS-DIVIDEND-APSR

AIP-11-A01Predictive population management Forecasting and surveillance systems are documented across humanitarian and coercive settings; validity is strongest for aggregate trends and weakest for rare individual events. Documented systems · predictive limits · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, equality, protest and association rights, due process, non-discrimination, and intervention accountability are central.
Correction trigger
Change with out-of-sample calibration, error disclosure, rights-impact review, and evidence that intervention improves outcomes without discriminatory feedback.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-28-CHICAGO-OIG-PREDICTIVE-RISK SRC-29-CHICAGO-OIG-SHOTSPOTTER SRC-30-HRW-IJOP-XINJIANG SRC-31-VIEWS-EARLY-WARNING SRC-32-UNHCR-JETSON SRC-16-EU-AI-ACT

AIP-11-E01Predictive population management ViEWS and Project Jetson: The systems and intended humanitarian uses are documented. Documented early-warning and humanitarian forecasting systems · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, equality, protest and association rights, due process, non-discrimination, and intervention accountability are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-31-VIEWS-EARLY-WARNING SRC-32-UNHCR-JETSON

AIP-11-E02Predictive population management Chicago predictive policing and acoustic surveillance: Deployment, audits, and high false-positive or limited-efficacy findings are documented in the report. Documented deployment and critical audits · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, equality, protest and association rights, due process, non-discrimination, and intervention accountability are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-28-CHICAGO-OIG-PREDICTIVE-RISK SRC-29-CHICAGO-OIG-SHOTSPOTTER

AIP-11-E03Predictive population management Integrated Joint Operations Platform in Xinjiang: Human Rights Watch and other investigations documented the platform’s role and categories of flagged behavior. Documented human-rights investigation · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Privacy, equality, protest and association rights, due process, non-discrimination, and intervention accountability are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-30-HRW-IJOP-XINJIANG

AIP-12-A01AI as psychological authority People can defer to, attach to, and be influenced by conversational AI; independent psychological authority is emerging and uneven rather than universal. Emerging evidence · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The cited sources support different parts of the assessment; no single source establishes every dimension.
Competing explanations
Observed outcomes may reflect human strategy, existing institutions, platform dynamics, audience predispositions, non-AI tools, selection effects, or measurement limits rather than AI alone.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence is incomplete and claim-specific; linked examples must be reviewed separately.
Rights and privacy
Autonomy, informed consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, and access to human support are central.
Correction trigger
Change only with longitudinal prevalence data, independent audits, validated clinical outcomes, and adjudicated incident evidence.
Prohibited inference
Do not infer strategic effect, universal deployment, or individual psychological state from this assessment.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Content Status
BOUNDED_CATEGORY_SYNTHESIS
Coordination
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Actor Identity
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Sponsorship Or Direction
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Intent
VARIES_BY_LINKED_EXAMPLE
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DEMONSTRATED_IN_LINKED_EXAMPLES
Distribution
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_AND_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Belief Or Attitude
BOUNDED_EXPERIMENTAL_EVIDENCE_ONLY_WHERE_LINKED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AT_CATEGORY_LEVEL

Linked sources: SRC-33-KRUGEL-MORAL-ADVICE SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA SRC-22-GARCIA-CHARACTERAI-ORDER SRC-21-UK-CHAIL-SENTENCING SRC-42-FTC-AI-COMPANION-INQUIRY

AIP-12-E01AI as psychological authority Moral-advice experiments: The advice varied, yet participants’ judgments shifted and they underestimated the influence. Peer-reviewed controlled evidence · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Autonomy, informed consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, and access to human support are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
MEASURED_IN_BOUNDED_CONTROLLED_SETTING
Intention
PARTIAL_OR_NOT_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_OUTSIDE_TESTED_OUTCOME
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-33-KRUGEL-MORAL-ADVICE

AIP-12-E02AI as psychological authority Replika relationship disruption: Attachment, distress, and platform intervention are documented. User reports and research documented · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
The linked sources support the bounded statements shown here; they do not automatically establish intent, reach, persuasion, behavior, or strategic effect.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Direct affected-person or affected-community evidence was not independently retrieved for this bounded claim unless explicitly stated in the linked source scope.
Rights and privacy
Autonomy, informed consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, and access to human support are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
BOUNDED_DESCRIPTION_SUPPORTED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED

Linked sources: SRC-34-DEFREITAS-REPLIKA

AIP-12-E03AI as psychological authority Companion-chatbot harm cases and litigation: The relevant interactions, proceedings, and allegations are documented at different evidentiary levels. Interactions and allegations documented; clinical and legal causality mixed or unresolved · WIP51_EDITORIAL_CURRENTNESS_AND_STAGE_REVIEW_COMPLETE_SPECIALIST_DISPOSITION_PENDING
Source scope
Court records, official inquiries, and bounded case material document interactions, allegations, and oversight interest at different evidentiary levels. They do not establish a single diagnosis, population prevalence, or uniform causation.
Competing explanations
The observed artifact or action may have depended on human direction, pre-existing networks, platform incentives, ordinary automation, non-AI methods, or unrelated contextual factors.
Affected-person/community evidence
Public court records, official oversight materials, and case-specific accounts provide bounded affected-person or family context; sensitive details are intentionally minimized.
Rights and privacy
Autonomy, informed consent, child and vulnerable-person protection, privacy, and access to human support are central.
Correction trigger
Revise when a primary record, authoritative correction, adjudication, retraction, or stronger causal study changes the bounded statement.
Prohibited inference
Do not treat publication, distribution, engagement, allegation, or association as proof of persuasion, causation, or strategic effect.
Inspect all 20 evidence stages
Artifact Or Event Existence
SUPPORTED_BY_LINKED_SOURCE
Content Status
ALLEGATIONS_PROCEDURAL_RULINGS_AND_OVERSIGHT_INQUIRY_SEPARATED
Coordination
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Actor Identity
PUBLIC_CASE_AND_COMPANY_IDENTITIES_RECORDED_WITH_PRIVACY_MINIMIZATION
Sponsorship Or Direction
SOURCE_DEPENDENT_OR_UNRESOLVED
Intent
NOT_ESTABLISHED_AS_PRODUCT_WIDE_MALICIOUS_INTENT
Output
DOCUMENTED_OR_DESCRIBED_IN_LINKED_SOURCE
Distribution
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Availability
PARTIAL_OR_SOURCE_DEPENDENT
Reach
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Exposure
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Attention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Recall
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Comprehension
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Credibility
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Belief Or Attitude
CASE_SPECIFIC_ALLEGATIONS_OR_RECORDS_NOT_POPULATION_ESTIMATE
Intention
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Behavior
CASE_SPECIFIC_ALLEGATIONS_OR_RECORDS_MIXED_CAUSALITY
Operational Outcome
NOT_ESTABLISHED_UNLESS_EXPLICITLY_MEASURED
Strategic Effect
NOT_APPLICABLE_OR_NOT_ESTABLISHED

Linked sources: SRC-22-GARCIA-CHARACTERAI-ORDER SRC-21-UK-CHAIL-SENTENCING SRC-42-FTC-AI-COMPANION-INQUIRY

AUTONOMY LEGEND

Six levels, from distribution automation to coordinated agents

“AI-enabled” does not mean autonomous. This scale describes control boundaries without treating a laboratory capability as evidence of sustained covert field operation.

  1. Human authored, automated distribution

    People create the message and strategy; software schedules or distributes it.

  2. AI drafted, human approved

    AI proposes content or analysis, but a person reviews and authorizes each consequential release.

  3. AI selection within approved options

    A system chooses among pre-approved messages or audiences using measured signals.

  4. Bounded adaptive interaction

    A conversational system generates new responses within defined goals, policies, and tools.

  5. Goal-directed agent with memory or tools

    An agent plans multiple steps, remembers prior interactions, and can act through permitted interfaces.

  6. Coordinated or strategy-revising agents

    Multiple agents divide roles or revise approaches from feedback. Durable covert field operation remains an emerging claim, not a default assumption.

PROFILING & EMOTION-INFERENCE HARMS

A prediction is not access to a person’s inner state

Systems can detect patterns in data and still be wrong about emotion, intent, honesty, vulnerability, or future behavior. The harm can occur even when the inference is weak.

Inference is not observation

A model’s score is a probabilistic guess based on data and assumptions, not direct access to emotion, intent, honesty, vulnerability, or future behavior.

Context changes meaning

The same expression, word choice, pause, or browsing pattern can mean different things across cultures, disabilities, situations, and individuals.

Errors can become interventions

A weak inference can still deny opportunity, intensify surveillance, change a feed, or trigger an escalating response.

Feedback can validate the model falsely

When institutions act on a score, the resulting data may reflect the intervention rather than the person, creating self-reinforcing error.

Sensitive groups bear unequal risk

Children, people in distress, marginalized communities, non-native speakers, and people with disabilities may be misclassified or disproportionately affected.

GOVERNANCE BY SYSTEM ROLE

Tool, operator, and environment require different controls

Oversight must follow where consequential choices are made: in a production workflow, an adaptive agent, or the infrastructure that orders and scores information.

Defensive governance controls for AI acting as a tool, operator, or environment.
ControlToolOperatorEnvironment
Human approvalRequired before consequential deployment.Required at objective, capability, and escalation boundaries.Required for ranking objectives, policy changes, and high-impact interventions.
AuditabilityPreserve prompts, sources, edits, and approvals.Log memory, tools, actions, handoffs, and strategy changes.Enable independent audits of ranking, data, outcomes, and disparate impact.
TransparencyDisclose synthetic or assisted content where context requires.Clearly identify automated interlocutors and meaningful system limits.Explain major ordering, recommendation, scoring, or moderation functions.
Data protectionMinimize audience data and restrict sensitive inference.Limit memory, tool permissions, retention, and cross-context reuse.Constrain surveillance, profiling, sensitive data, and feedback loops.
Incident responseWithdraw, correct, authenticate, and document.Pause agents, revoke tools, preserve logs, and notify affected parties.Provide rollback, external review, appeal, and systemic remediation.
Rights riskMisrepresentation, attribution, copyright, and unequal targeting.Deception, dependency, coercion, privacy, and unsafe autonomy.Discrimination, censorship, due process, cognitive liberty, and population surveillance.

DEFENSIVE INCIDENT ANALYSIS

A non-operational template for investigating suspected AI influence

The sequence emphasizes evidence preservation, competing explanations, affected-person protection, and correction. It is not a campaign workflow or attribution shortcut.

  1. Define the suspected event

    State what is alleged, the relevant dates, platforms, audiences, and what remains only a hypothesis.

  2. Preserve evidence safely

    Record URLs, timestamps, artifact hashes, screenshots or exports, and lawful custody without altering source material.

  3. Separate origin from distribution

    Identify who created, transformed, posted, amplified, and hosted the material; do not collapse these roles.

  4. Assess AI role and autonomy

    Distinguish AI-generated assets, AI assistance, automation, adaptive agents, and unsupported claims of autonomy.

  5. Trace the effect chain

    Record output, distribution, availability, reach, exposure, attention, belief, behavior, and outcome as separate stages.

  6. Test competing explanations

    Consider organic spread, ordinary marketing, satire, error, coordinated human activity, and platform effects.

  7. Protect affected people

    Minimize personal data, avoid public accusation from weak indicators, and account for vulnerable or targeted communities.

  8. Set correction and reopening triggers

    Name the evidence that would strengthen, weaken, or reverse the assessment and schedule currentness review.

GLOSSARY

Terms used across the taxonomy

Definitions are intentionally bounded. Institutional, legal, and doctrinal usage may differ by jurisdiction and context.

Psychological operations (PSYOPS)
Organized efforts intended to influence perceptions, reasoning, decisions, or behavior in support of an objective; legal and doctrinal meaning varies by institution and jurisdiction.
Influence operation
A coordinated effort to shape an audience or information environment. It may be overt or covert, truthful or deceptive, and human-led or technology-assisted.
Propaganda
Organized, objective-driven communication that selectively frames information to shape attitudes or behavior.
Disinformation
False or misleading information deliberately created or distributed to deceive.
Misinformation
False or misleading information shared without established intent to deceive.
Synthetic persona
A substantially fictional identity presented as a real person, organization, expert, witness, or community member.
Deepfake
Synthetic or manipulated audio, image, or video created or altered with machine-learning methods to depict speech, identity, or events.
Algorithmic amplification
Increased visibility produced by ranking, recommendation, trending, notification, or distribution systems.
Microtargeting
Delivering different messages to narrowly defined people or groups using data about their characteristics or behavior.
Autonomy
How much a system can choose actions, messages, timing, tools, or strategy without fresh human approval.
Persistence
How long a system can sustain identity, memory, objectives, and coherent interaction across time.
Profiling accuracy
How reliably a system infers relevant traits or states. A prediction is not direct knowledge of a person’s inner life.
Measured effect
Observed change connected to exposure through a credible design. Output, reach, or engagement alone are not effects on belief or behavior.
Reach
The number of people or accounts to which content was potentially available or delivered; reach does not prove attention or influence.
Exposure
Evidence that a person had an opportunity to encounter content. Exposure does not prove comprehension, belief, or action.
Liar’s dividend
The advantage gained when authentic evidence can be denied as fake because synthetic media is known to exist.
Provenance
Information about an artifact’s origin, custody, transformations, publication, and authenticity claims.
Cognitive liberty
The interest in maintaining freedom of thought, mental privacy, and autonomy from covert or coercive influence.

FROM CAPABILITY AWARENESS TO SOCIETAL RESILIENCE

Cross-cutting defensive principles

These principles recur across the reports. They reduce risk but are not guarantees, and poorly designed detection or enforcement can create new harms.

Media and information literacy

Teach verification habits, uncertainty, and the difference between visibility and effect without shifting all responsibility to individuals.

Source verification and crisis procedures

Use authenticated channels, pre-established verification contacts, and rapid corrections during elections, conflict, emergencies, or financial events.

Content provenance

Support signed origin records and chain-of-custody information while recognizing that metadata can be absent, stripped, spoofed, or incomplete.

Platform transparency and research access

Provide meaningful data about ranking, coordinated behavior, enforcement, and systemic risk to qualified independent researchers.

Privacy and data minimization

Limit collection and inference of sensitive personal, biometric, emotional, and behavioral data, especially for vulnerable groups.

Human oversight and due process

Require accountable review of high-impact automated decisions, with explanation, appeal, correction, and remedy.

Disclosure and agent accountability

Make synthetic interlocutors identifiable, log consequential actions, constrain permissions, and preserve a responsible human or institution.

Protection of minors and vulnerable users

Use age-appropriate design, dependency safeguards, crisis escalation, and limits on exploitative engagement optimization.

Institutional trust preservation

Communicate uncertainty honestly, avoid overstating detection, and correct errors in ways that do not deepen generalized distrust.

False-accusation safeguards

Treat automated detectors and behavioral signals as evidence inputs, not verdicts; audit disparate impact and preserve anonymity, dissent, and lawful pseudonymity.

REAL-WORLD INTERPRETIVE

SOURCE FOUNDATION

Twelve exact reports and a 42-source review registry

Each category begins with its corresponding owner-supplied interdisciplinary report. WIP.51 adds claim-stage records, specialist-review packets, and claim-specific links to primary, official, platform, adjudicative, oversight, and peer-reviewed records, while preserving what each source does not establish.

  1. 01AI-Assisted Traditional Psychological Operations AI-Assisted Psychological Operations Report.md · 52,378 bytes · specialist review pending
  2. 02AI-Generated Propaganda AI Propaganda Research Report.md · 57,697 bytes · specialist review pending
  3. 03AI-Driven Personalized Influence Operations AI Personalized Influence Operations.md · 55,290 bytes · specialist review pending
  4. 04Autonomous AI Influence Agents AI Influence Agents Research.md · 50,685 bytes · specialist review pending
  5. 05Synthetic Persona Operations AI Synthetic Persona Operations Report.md · 54,193 bytes · specialist review pending
  6. 06AI-Driven Disinformation Swarms AI Disinformation Swarms Research Report.md · 49,420 bytes · specialist review pending
  7. 07Algorithmic Perception Control Algorithmic Perception Control Report.md · 64,860 bytes · specialist review pending
  8. 08AI-Enabled Emotional and Behavioral Manipulation AI Emotional Manipulation Research.md · 62,206 bytes · specialist review pending
  9. 09AI-Assisted Conversational Entrapment and Recruitment AI Conversational Entrapment Research.md · 65,173 bytes · specialist review pending
  10. 10AI-Enabled Deepfake Psychological Operations Deepfake Psychological Operations Research.md · 62,023 bytes · specialist review pending
  11. 11AI-Based Predictive Population Management Predictive Population Management Research.md · 63,529 bytes · specialist review pending
  12. 12AI as an Independent Psychological Authority AI Psychological Authority Research.md · 56,131 bytes · specialist review pending

Boundary: inclusion in this taxonomy does not certify every external citation, legal conclusion, attribution, or case interpretation in the supplied reports. Category pages preserve uncertainty, claim identifiers, correction triggers, and unresolved questions.

42reviewed source records
48registered public claims
12five-dimension category overlays
12prepared review packets
0specialist dispositions recorded

Reviewed primary and authoritative source registry

Links open the public source used for the bounded claim. A source may establish an event, artifact, platform action, experimental result, legal filing, or oversight finding without establishing intent, reach, causation, persuasion, or strategic effect.

Authoritative first-party platform disclosure4 sources
  1. OpenAI · 2024-05-30 · Platform threat-intelligence disclosure

    Supports
    Documents five disrupted covert influence operations using OpenAI services and reports no meaningful increase in audience engagement or reach attributable to those services as of the publication date.
    Does not establish
    Does not measure all exposure, belief change, behavior, or strategic effect; platform visibility is necessarily partial.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. OpenAI · 2024-10-09 · Platform threat-intelligence report

    Supports
    Documents additional disrupted operations and the supporting tasks for which models were used.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish that model use independently caused campaign reach, persuasion, or behavioral outcomes.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  3. SRC-03-OPENAI-MALICIOUS-USES-2026

    Disrupting malicious uses of AI

    OpenAI · 2026-02-25 · Platform threat-intelligence report

    Supports
    Provides current first-party case studies of detected malicious and deceptive AI use through February 2026.
    Does not establish
    Coverage is limited to activity visible to one provider and should not be generalized to the entire threat landscape.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  4. Meta · 2023-08-29 · Platform threat-intelligence report

    Supports
    Documents the removal and analysis of coordinated inauthentic behavior, including use of GAN-generated profile imagery and the Spamouflage network.
    Does not establish
    Platform findings do not establish complete cross-platform activity, target exposure, or behavioral effect.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Independent academic analysis1 source
  1. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review · 2024-08-22 · Open-access academic commentary and case synthesis

    Supports
    Documents the reported fake audio surfacing two days before the 2023 Slovak election and analyzes timing, encrypted-channel circulation, political amplification, institutional distrust, and competing explanations for the result.
    Does not establish
    Does not identify the audio creator or sponsor, provide a counterfactual election estimate, or establish that the audio swung the election; it explicitly treats that conclusion as reductive.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Independent human-rights organization1 source
  1. Human Rights Watch · 2019-05-01 · Investigative human-rights report

    Supports
    Documents the Integrated Joint Operations Platform app, data collection, flags, and human-rights consequences in Xinjiang based on technical analysis and field research.
    Does not establish
    The report does not establish every current implementation detail or the accuracy of all underlying risk inferences.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Independent professional journalism2 sources
  1. Reuters · 2020-07-15 · Independent investigative reporting with named institutional and forensic checks

    Supports
    Documents the public Oliver Taylor persona and publications, the University of Birmingham statement that it had no record of him, failed publisher verification, a limited online footprint, and expert assessments that the profile image was generated.
    Does not establish
    Does not identify the operator, sponsor, direction, legal identity, full publication history, intended audience, unique reach, exposure, persuasion, or strategic effect.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
  2. Reuters · 2022-03-16 · Independent contemporaneous reporting

    Supports
    Documents the appearance and circulation of a poorly edited video falsely depicting President Zelenskyy urging surrender, the Ukraine24 compromise report, rapid debunking, and platform removal.
    Does not establish
    Does not identify the creator or sponsor and states that it was unclear whether anyone was convinced; it does not establish military, political, or strategic effect.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Independent research institution1 source
  1. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism · 2024-02-14 · Specialist policy research

    Supports
    Reviews how generative AI may affect extremist content, recruitment, and counter-radicalization, while distinguishing present evidence from prospective risk.
    Does not establish
    Does not prove that autonomous AI recruitment pipelines are broadly deployed or causally effective.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Independent specialist analysis2 sources
  1. Recorded Future / Insikt Group · 2024-05-09 · Independent threat-intelligence report

    Supports
    Documents an inauthentic media network using large language models to modify and publish political content at scale.
    Does not establish
    Attribution and infrastructure findings are analytical assessments; social amplification and persuasive effect were limited or not established.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. SRC-07-GRAPHIKA-WOLF-NEWS

    Deepfake It Till You Make It

    Graphika · 2023-02-07 · Independent threat-intelligence report

    Supports
    Documents limited use of AI-generated fictitious news presenters in content promoted by a pro-China influence operation.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish substantial reach or persuasive effect and should not be generalized to all synthetic presenter use.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Mixed first-party data and independent research1 source
  1. SRC-27-NYHAN-META-ELECTION-STUDIES

    Meta 2020 U.S. Election Research Studies

    Meta and independent academic partners · 2023-07-27 · Platform-supported peer-reviewed research program

    Supports
    Reports experimental and observational findings on feed changes, exposure, polarization, and political attitudes during the 2020 U.S. election.
    Does not establish
    Platform-specific findings do not establish that ranking has no effects in other settings; access constraints and design choices remain relevant.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official affected-state public authority1 source
  1. Center for Countering Disinformation under the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine · Official government analytical report

    Supports
    Identifies the 16 March 2022 synthetic video falsely depicting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy calling on Ukrainian forces to lay down their arms and surrender, within a broader affected-state account of AI-generated wartime disinformation.
    Does not establish
    An affected-state analytical report does not independently establish the creator, sponsor, complete distribution path, unique exposure, belief change, military behavior, or strategic effect of the artifact.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27; publication date was not independently closed in retrieved page metadata.
Official court record1 source
  1. Judiciary of England and Wales · 2023-10-05 · Judicial record

    Supports
    Confirms that the defendant created and communicated extensively with a Replika AI companion named Sarai and records the court’s factual findings and psychiatric evidence.
    Does not establish
    A sentencing record does not isolate chatbot causation from mental illness, intent, other media, or personal circumstances.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official court record mirrored by public legal repositories1 source
  1. U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida · 2025-05-21 · Judicial record

    Supports
    Records allegations and the court’s procedural rulings allowing portions of a wrongful-death and product-liability case to proceed.
    Does not establish
    Allegations are not adjudicated facts, and the order does not establish clinical or legal causation.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official independent oversight authority2 sources
  1. City of Chicago Office of Inspector General · 2020-01-23 · Government oversight report

    Supports
    Documents CPD predictive risk models, governance deficiencies, and their decommissioning on November 1, 2019.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish that all predictive analytics are invalid or that the decommissioned models represent current CPD practice.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. City of Chicago Office of Inspector General · 2021-08-24 · Government oversight report

    Supports
    Provides descriptive statistics on ShotSpotter alerts, police responses, evidence recovery, and investigatory stops in the reviewed period.
    Does not establish
    Acoustic detection is not itself population prediction; the report does not prove intent, guilt, or general performance outside the study period.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official international organization project1 source
  1. SRC-32-UNHCR-JETSON

    Project Jetson

    UNHCR Innovation Service · 2017-01-01 · Humanitarian predictive-analytics project

    Supports
    Documents an experimental machine-learning project intended to anticipate displacement movements for humanitarian planning.
    Does not establish
    An experiment in anticipatory planning does not establish universal forecast accuracy, individual-level prediction, or coercive intervention.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official international public authority1 source
  1. European External Action Service · 2024-01-23 · Official foreign-information-manipulation threat report

    Supports
    Records reported AI-generated audio incidents in election contexts including Slovakia and places AI use within a bounded sample of 750 investigated FIMI incidents, with fewer than twenty involving AI and most AI use focused on content creation or legitimacy.
    Does not establish
    Does not by itself identify every creator or sponsor, prove that the Slovak audio changed votes or turnout, establish unique reach or exposure, or show that AI transformed the overall FIMI threat landscape.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Official law1 source
  1. European Union · 2024-07-12 · Binding legal instrument

    Supports
    Provides the current EU-level legal text for prohibited practices, transparency duties, risk governance, and biometric or emotion-recognition restrictions within its scope.
    Does not establish
    Does not provide universal global law, resolve every jurisdictional question, or substitute for legal advice.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Official public authority5 sources
  1. German Federal Foreign Office · 2024-01-26 · Government technical report

    Supports
    Documents coordinated cloned-media infrastructure and distribution patterns attributed by German authorities to the Doppelgänger campaign.
    Does not establish
    Does not by itself establish unique reach, persuasion, or the independent contribution of generative AI.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. VIGINUM · 2024-02-12 · Government technical report

    Supports
    Documents a coordinated network of information portals and its observable infrastructure and content-distribution patterns.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish audience belief or behavior change; AI involvement varies by component and must not be assumed from coordination alone.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  3. Federal Communications Commission · 2024-09-30 · Government enforcement action

    Supports
    Confirms an AI-generated voice-cloning robocall campaign targeting New Hampshire primary voters and the FCC enforcement response.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish how many recipients believed the message or whether it changed turnout; it does not independently verify separate election-audio incidents in other countries.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  4. U.S. Department of Justice · 2025-06-30 · Government enforcement disclosure

    Supports
    Documents schemes using stolen or false identities, remote-work infrastructure, and deceptive employment practices.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish that every identity asset was AI-generated or that these schemes were influence operations rather than fraud and access operations.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  5. Federal Trade Commission · 2025-09-11 · Official Section 6(b) market and safety inquiry

    Supports
    Confirms that the FTC issued compulsory information requests to seven companies to study companion-chatbot advertising, safety testing, disclosures, child and teen impacts, moderation, monetization, and data handling.
    Does not establish
    A Section 6(b) inquiry is not an enforcement finding, adjudication, clinical causation determination, product-wide harm estimate, or finding that any named company violated law.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Peer-reviewed or editorially reviewed scholarship1 source
  1. California Law Review · 2019-12-01 · Legal scholarship

    Supports
    Defines major deepfake risks, including impersonation, evidentiary disruption, and the liar’s dividend.
    Does not establish
    Legal analysis does not measure the prevalence or persuasive effect of specific incidents.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Primary research11 sources
  1. SRC-09-GOLDSTEIN-AI-PROPAGANDA

    How persuasive is AI-generated propaganda?

    PNAS Nexus · 2024-02-20 · Peer-reviewed experiment

    Supports
    Finds that AI-generated propaganda text can be persuasive in a controlled experiment and that human-machine curation can improve outputs.
    Does not establish
    A bounded experiment does not establish real-world campaign deployment, durable attitude change, behavior, or strategic effect.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. Nature Human Behaviour · 2025-05-19 · Peer-reviewed randomized experiment

    Supports
    Measures short-term opinion movement in controlled debates and reports a personalization advantage in the tested conditions.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish covert field effectiveness, durable belief change, broad population effects, or successful long-term targeting.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2017-11-13 · Peer-reviewed experiments

    Supports
    Provides experimental evidence that matching messages to inferred psychological traits can affect clicks or conversions in some tested settings.
    Does not establish
    Does not validate every psychographic inference pipeline, political field claim, or end-to-end AI targeting system.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  4. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2024-06-04 · Peer-reviewed experiment

    Supports
    Tests LLM-generated political messages matched to participant attributes and measures bounded opinion effects.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish operational deployment, durable effects, or reliable inference of hidden psychological vulnerabilities.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  5. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 2014-06-17 · Peer-reviewed platform experiment

    Supports
    Measures small aggregate changes in expressed emotional valence following feed manipulation in a platform experiment.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish accurate emotion inference, individual emotional state knowledge, coercive control, or durable behavior change.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  6. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · 2022-06-30 · Peer-reviewed experiment

    Supports
    Tests how political deepfake video affects deception, uncertainty, and trust under experimental conditions.
    Does not establish
    A controlled study does not establish uniform effects across crises, cultures, or high-stakes operational contexts.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  7. Psychology of Popular Media · 2026-01-01 · Peer-reviewed experiment

    Supports
    Examines whether deepfake awareness can make false denials of authentic audiovisual evidence more credible.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish that every denial benefits from the liar’s dividend or that the effect dominates all verification cues.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  8. IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · 2021-09-06 · Peer-reviewed security research

    Supports
    Documents coordinated manipulation of trending mechanisms through temporary inauthentic activity.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish AI involvement in the observed attacks and should be used as a platform-mechanism precedent, not as proof of AI deployment.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  9. Journal of Peace Research · 2019-03-01 · Peer-reviewed forecasting-system paper

    Supports
    Presents a transparent political-violence early-warning system and evaluates predictive performance at country and subnational levels.
    Does not establish
    Forecasting conflict risk does not establish causal control of populations or reliable prediction of rare individual events.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  10. Scientific Reports · 2023-04-06 · Peer-reviewed experiment

    Supports
    Finds that inconsistent chatbot moral advice influenced participants’ judgments and that participants underestimated the influence.
    Does not establish
    A bounded moral-dilemma experiment does not establish broad psychological authority, dependency, or real-world life-decision control.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  11. American Political Science Review · 2025-02-01 · Peer-reviewed multi-experiment study

    Supports
    Across five survey experiments involving more than 15,000 U.S. adults, finds that false claims of misinformation can raise politician support in tested scandal scenarios, primarily for text reports rather than video, without a consistent generalized decline in media trust.
    Does not establish
    Does not measure naturalistic field prevalence, durable electoral behavior, every type of audiovisual denial, cross-national generalizability, or the strategic magnitude of the liar’s dividend in real crises.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Primary research, not treated as final legal or clinical authority1 source
  1. Harvard Business School working paper · 2024-09-01 · Working paper using experiments and archival data

    Supports
    Examines attachment to AI companions and reports relationship-related mourning and well-being effects around a Replika product change.
    Does not establish
    Does not establish clinical diagnosis, universal harm, or that every user forms a human-equivalent attachment.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Primary research, not yet treated as settled1 source
  1. arXiv preprint · 2025-04-14 · Preprint observational study

    Supports
    Describes a large social network populated by LLM agents and analyzes posting behavior and network structure.
    Does not establish
    A synthetic social network is not evidence of autonomous real-world influence operations, persuasion, concealment, or durable strategy.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Primary research synthesis2 sources
  1. Psychology & Marketing · 2025-10-10 · Peer-reviewed meta-analysis

    Supports
    Synthesizes evidence on personality inference and personality-tailored messaging, identifying small and methodologically fragile end-to-end effects.
    Does not establish
    Does not show that all personalization is ineffective; results depend on data, context, outcome, and study quality.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
  2. Psychological Science in the Public Interest · 2019-07-17 · Scientific review

    Supports
    Reviews evidence showing that facial movements are not reliable, context-free readouts of inner emotional states.
    Does not establish
    Does not imply that all affective signals are useless; it limits claims of universal, direct emotion inference from isolated expressions.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Currentness checked for the bounded claim scope on 2026-07-27.
Primary technical research1 source
  1. Association for Computational Linguistics · 2025-07-01 · Peer-reviewed conference paper

    Supports
    Documents long-term dialogue-memory limitations in existing systems and reports benchmark improvements from reflective, multi-granularity memory management.
    Does not establish
    Benchmark improvement in personalized dialogue does not establish months-long covert influence, durable strategic coherence, autonomous infrastructure management, successful concealment, or real-world persuasion.
    Review status
    LOCATED_AND_REVIEWED_AT_CITATION_LEVEL · Citation and source-scope review completed for WIP.51 on 2026-07-27.
Page complete AI PSYOPS: A Research Taxonomy Page label: CONTEMPORARY / ONGOING CLAIM — NOT SETTLED HISTORY